SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)即简单邮件传输协议,它是一组用于由源地址到目的地址传送邮件的规则,由它来控制信件的中转方式。
python的smtplib提供了一种很方便的途径发送电子邮件。它对smtp协议进行了简单的封装。
Python创建 SMTP
<span>import</span><span> smtplib
smtpObj </span><span>=</span><span> smtplib</span><span>.</span><span>SMTP</span><span>(</span><span> </span><span>[</span><span>host </span><span>[,</span><span> port </span><span>[,</span><span> local_hostname</span><span>]]]</span><span> </span><span>)</span>
参数说明:
- host: SMTP 服务器主机。 你可以指定主机的ip地址或者域名如:runoob.com,这个是可选参数。
- port: 如果你提供了 host 参数, 你需要指定 SMTP 服务使用的端口号,一般情况下SMTP端口号为25。
- local_hostname: 如果SMTP在你的本机上,你只需要指定服务器地址为 localhost 即可。
Python SMTP对象使用sendmail方法发送邮件,语法如下:
<span>SMTP</span><span>.</span><span>sendmail</span><span>(</span><span>from_addr</span><span>,</span><span> to_addrs</span><span>,</span><span> msg</span><span>[,</span><span> mail_options</span><span>,</span><span> rcpt_options</span><span>]</span>
参数说明:
- from_addr: 邮件发送者地址。
- to_addrs: 字符串列表,邮件发送地址。
- msg: 发送消息
这里要注意一下第三个参数,msg是字符串,表示邮件。我们知道邮件一般由标题,发信人,收件人,邮件内容,附件等构成,发送邮件的时候,要注意msg的格式。这个格式就是smtp协议中定义的格式。
实例
以下是一个使用Python发送邮件简单的实例:
实例
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header sender = ‘from@runoob.com’ receivers = [‘429240967@qq.com’] message = MIMEText(‘Python 邮件发送测试…’, ‘plain’, ‘utf-8’) message[‘From’] = Header(“菜鸟教程”, ‘utf-8’) message[‘To’] = Header(“测试”, ‘utf-8’) subject = ‘Python SMTP 邮件测试’ message[‘Subject’] = Header(subject, ‘utf-8’) try: smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(‘localhost’) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string()) print (“邮件发送成功”) except smtplib.SMTPException: print (“Error: 无法发送邮件”)
我们使用三个引号来设置邮件信息,标准邮件需要三个头部信息: From, To, 和 Subject ,每个信息直接使用空行分割。
我们通过实例化 smtplib 模块的 SMTP 对象 smtpObj 来连接到 SMTP 访问,并使用 sendmail 方法来发送信息。
执行以上程序,如果你本机安装sendmail,就会输出:
<span>$ python3 test</span><span>.</span><span>py
</span><span>邮件发送成功</span>
查看我们的收件箱(一般在垃圾箱),就可以查看到邮件信息:
如果我们本机没有 sendmail 访问,也可以使用其他服务商的 SMTP 访问(QQ、网易、Google等)。
实例
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header mail_host=“smtp.XXX.com” mail_user=“XXXX” mail_pass=“XXXXXX” sender = ‘from@runoob.com’ receivers = [‘429240967@qq.com’] message = MIMEText(‘Python 邮件发送测试…’, ‘plain’, ‘utf-8’) message[‘From’] = Header(“菜鸟教程”, ‘utf-8’) message[‘To’] = Header(“测试”, ‘utf-8’) subject = ‘Python SMTP 邮件测试’ message[‘Subject’] = Header(subject, ‘utf-8’) try: smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP() smtpObj.connect(mail_host, 25) smtpObj.login(mail_user,mail_pass) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string()) print (“邮件发送成功”) except smtplib.SMTPException: print (“Error: 无法发送邮件”)
使用Python发送HTML格式的邮件
Python发送HTML格式的邮件与发送纯文本消息的邮件不同之处就是将MIMEText中_subtype设置为html。具体代码如下:
实例
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header sender = ‘from@runoob.com’ receivers = [‘429240967@qq.com’] mail_msg = “”"
Python 邮件发送测试…
“”" message = MIMEText(mail_msg, ‘html’, ‘utf-8’) message[‘From’] = Header(“菜鸟教程”, ‘utf-8’) message[‘To’] = Header(“测试”, ‘utf-8’) subject = ‘Python SMTP 邮件测试’ message[‘Subject’] = Header(subject, ‘utf-8’) try: smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(‘localhost’) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string()) print (“邮件发送成功”) except smtplib.SMTPException: print (“Error: 无法发送邮件”)执行以上程序,如果你本机安装sendmail,就会输出:
<span>$ python3 test</span><span>.</span><span>py
</span><span>邮件发送成功</span>
查看我们的收件箱(一般在垃圾箱),就可以查看到邮件信息:
Python 发送带附件的邮件
发送带附件的邮件,首先要创建MIMEMultipart()实例,然后构造附件,如果有多个附件,可依次构造,最后利用smtplib.smtp发送。
实例
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.header import Header sender = ‘from@runoob.com’ receivers = [‘429240967@qq.com’] message = MIMEMultipart() message[‘From’] = Header(“菜鸟教程”, ‘utf-8’) message[‘To’] = Header(“测试”, ‘utf-8’) subject = ‘Python SMTP 邮件测试’ message[‘Subject’] = Header(subject, ‘utf-8’) message.attach(MIMEText(‘这是菜鸟教程Python 邮件发送测试……’, ‘plain’, ‘utf-8’)) att1 = MIMEText(open(‘test.txt’, ‘rb’).read(), ‘base64’, ‘utf-8’) att1[“Content-Type”] = ‘application/octet-stream’ att1[“Content-Disposition”] = ‘attachment; filename=“test.txt”’ message.attach(att1) att2 = MIMEText(open(‘runoob.txt’, ‘rb’).read(), ‘base64’, ‘utf-8’) att2[“Content-Type”] = ‘application/octet-stream’ att2[“Content-Disposition”] = ‘attachment; filename=“runoob.txt”’ message.attach(att2) try: smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(‘localhost’) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string()) print (“邮件发送成功”) except smtplib.SMTPException: print (“Error: 无法发送邮件”)
<span>$ python3 test</span><span>.</span><span>py
</span><span>邮件发送成功</span>
查看我们的收件箱(一般在垃圾箱),就可以查看到邮件信息:
在 HTML 文本中添加图片
邮件的 HTML 文本中一般邮件服务商添加外链是无效的,正确添加图片的实例如下所示:
实例
import smtplib from email.mime.image import MIMEImage from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header sender = ‘from@runoob.com’ receivers = [‘429240967@qq.com’] msgRoot = MIMEMultipart(‘related’) msgRoot[‘From’] = Header(“菜鸟教程”, ‘utf-8’) msgRoot[‘To’] = Header(“测试”, ‘utf-8’) subject = ‘Python SMTP 邮件测试’ msgRoot[‘Subject’] = Header(subject, ‘utf-8’) msgAlternative = MIMEMultipart(‘alternative’) msgRoot.attach(msgAlternative) mail_msg = “”"
Python 邮件发送测试…
图片演示:
“”" msgAlternative.attach(MIMEText(mail_msg, ‘html’, ‘utf-8’)) fp = open(‘test.png’, ‘rb’) msgImage = MIMEImage(fp.read()) fp.close() msgImage.add_header(‘Content-ID’, ‘’) msgRoot.attach(msgImage) try: smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(‘localhost’) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, msgRoot.as_string()) print (“邮件发送成功”) except smtplib.SMTPException: print (“Error: 无法发送邮件”)<span>$ python3 test</span><span>.</span><span>py
</span><span>邮件发送成功</span>
查看我们的收件箱(如果在垃圾箱可能需要移动到收件箱才可正常显示),就可以查看到邮件信息:
使用第三方 SMTP 服务发送
这里使用了 QQ 邮箱(你也可以使用 163,Gmail等)的 SMTP 服务,需要做以下配置:
QQ 邮箱通过生成授权码来设置密码:
QQ 邮箱 SMTP 服务器地址:smtp.qq.com,ssl 端口:465。
以下实例你需要修改:发件人邮箱(你的QQ邮箱),密码,收件人邮箱(可发给自己)。
QQ SMTP
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.utils import formataddr my_sender=‘429240967@qq.com’ my_pass = ‘xxxxxxxxxx’ my_user=‘429240967@qq.com’ def mail(): ret=True try: msg=MIMEText(‘填写邮件内容’,‘plain’,‘utf-8’) msg[‘From’]=formataddr([“FromRunoob”,my_sender]) msg[‘To’]=formataddr([“FK”,my_user]) msg[‘Subject’]=“菜鸟教程发送邮件测试” server=smtplib.SMTP_SSL(“smtp.qq.com”, 465) server.login(my_sender, my_pass) server.sendmail(my_sender,[my_user,],msg.as_string()) server.quit() except Exception: ret=False return ret ret=mail() if ret: print(“邮件发送成功”) else: print(“邮件发送失败”)
<span>$ python test</span><span>.</span><span>py
</span><span>邮件发送成功</span>
发送成功后,登陆收件人邮箱即可查看:
更多内容请参阅:https://docs.python.org/3/library/email-examples.html。
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